Visual Synecoche
This terms is applied when a part is used to represent the whole, or vice versa. Quite simply, the main subject is substituted for something that is inherently connected to it. This substituion only works if what the synedoche represents is universally recognized and understood, rather than taken at face value for it's literal meaning. The ability to refer to a group or class of objects through a visual device enables a designer to convey an idea in a clean and unfettered manner.
The insantly recognizable Gothic architecture of London's Big Ben Clock and the Houses of Parliment.
Visual Metaphor
A visual metaphor is used to transfer the meaning from one image to another. Although the image may have no close relationship, a metaphor conveys an impression about something relatively unfamiliar by drawing a comparison between it and something familiar.
Perhaps my favourite "symbol" of Britishness- the charming, "prim-and-proper" afternoon tea traditions of yesteryear.
Visual Metonym
A visual metonym is a symbolic image that is used to make reference to something with a more literal meaning.
For example, a cross might be used to signify the church. By way of association the viewer makes a connection between the image and the intended subject. Unlike a visual synecdoche, the two images bear a close relationship, but are not intrinsically linked. And unlike visual metaphors, metonyms do not transfer the characteristics of one image to the other.
Another symbol of quintessential Britishness- the classic mini cooper (as featured in cult film 'The Italian Job')- all it's missing is the union jack custom roof!
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